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For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation).
| Comune di Milano | |||
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| Coordinates: | |||
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| Sovereign state | Italy | ||
| Region | Lombardy | ||
| Province | Province of Milan | ||
| Insubric settlement | c. 600 BC | ||
| Roman foundation | 222 BC | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Letizia Moratti | ||
| Area | |||
| - City | 182 km² (70.3 sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 1,982 km² (765.3 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | +120 m (394 ft) | ||
| Population (December 2006)http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2006/index.html- ISTAT demographics | |||
| - City | 1,303,437 ( 2nd) | ||
| - Density | 7,159/km² (18,541.7/sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 2.9 to 7.4 million | ||
| - Called | Milanesi or Meneghini | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal codes | 20100, 20121-20162 | ||
| Area code(s) | 02 | ||
| Patron saints | Ambrose (7 December) | ||
| Website: www.comune.milano.it | |||
Milan (Italian: Milano; Western Lombard: Milan (listen)) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The municipality (Comune di Milano) has a population of 1.3 million. The Milan metropolitan area, depending on the specific definition, has a population ranging from 2.9 to 7.4 million. The municipal border covers a relatively small area (about one-eighth of that of Rome) because of the historical development of high density centres in agriculturally rich Lombardy.
Milan is also renowned as one of the world capitals of design and fashionhttp://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_4_34/ai_106388962. The English word milliner is derived from the name of the city. The Lombard metropolis is famous for its fashion houses and shops (such as along via Montenapoleone) and the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele in the Piazza Duomo (reputed to be the world\'s oldest shopping mall). The city hosted the World Exposition in 1906 and has submitted a bid to BIE to host the Universal Expo in 2015. Inhabitants of Milan are referred to as "Milanese" (Italian: Milanesi or informally Meneghini or Ambrosiani).
The Olona river, the Lambro river and the Seveso creek run through Milan. Olona and Seveso run mostly underground.
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The Celtic name for the settlement of the Insubres is not attested, but in the Roman name Mediolanum the name element -lanum is the Celtic equivalent of -planum "plain\'", thus Mediolanum: "in the midst of the plain", due to its location in a plain close to the confluence of two small rivers, the Olona and the Seveso. The origin of the name and of a boar as a symbol of the city are fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato\'s Emblemata (1584), beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls, where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation, and the etymology of Mediolanum given as "half-wool",medius + lanum; Alciato\'s "etymology" is intentionally far-fetched. explained in Latin and in French. The foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples, the Bituriges and the Aedui, having as their emblems a ram and a boar;Bituricis vervex, Heduis dat sucula signum. therefore "The city’s symbol is a wool-bearing boar, an animal of double form, here with sharp bristles, there with sleek wool."Laniger huic signum sus est, animálque biforme, Acribus hinc setis, lanitio inde levi. Alciato credits the most saintly and learned Ambrose for his account.Alciato, Emblemata, Emblema II
The German name for the city is Mailand, while in the local Western Lombard dialect, the city\'s name is Milán, similar to the French.
Milan in 1621.
View of Milan in early 1900s.
Castello Sforzesco, sign of the power of the House of Sforza.
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II.
Around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres inhabited Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered this settlement, which received the name Mediolanum.
After several centuries of Roman control, Milan was declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 293 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire (capital Nicomedia) and his colleague Maximianus the Western one. Immediately Maximinian built several gigantic monuments, like a large circus (470 x 85 meters), the Thermae Erculee, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other services and buildings.
In the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians. The city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, and the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. Fifty years later (in 452), the Huns overran the city. In 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan in the course of the so-called Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, the Longobards (from which the name of the italian region Lombardy derives) conquered Milan, overpowering the small Byzantine army left for its defence. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne, in an utterly novel decision, took the title "King of the Lombards" as well (before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another people). Subsequently Milan was part of the Holy Roman Empire.
During the Middle Ages, Milan prospered as a center of trade due to its command of the rich plain of the Po and routes from Italy across the Alps. The war of conquest by Frederick I Barbarossa against the Lombard cities brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162. After the founding of the Lombard League in 1167, Milan took the leading role in this alliance. As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained in the Peace of Constance in 1183, Milan became a duchy. In 1208 Rambertino Buvalelli served a term as podestà of the city, in 1242 Luca Grimaldi, and in 1282 Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1395, Gian Galeazzo Visconti became duke of Milan. In 1450, Milan passed to the noble House of Sforza, which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian Renaissance.
The French king Louis XII first laid claim to the duchy in 1492. At that time, Milan was defended by Swiss mercenaries. After the victory of Louis’s successor Francis I over the Swiss at the Battle of Marignano, the duchy was promised to the French king Francis I. When the Habsburg Charles V defeated Francis I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, northern Italy, including Milan, passed to the House of Habsburg. In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. Charles’s Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand’s Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire.
However, in 1700 the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of Charles II. After his death, the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701 with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French Philippe of Anjou to the Spanish throne. In 1706, the French were defeated in Ramillies and Turin and were forced to yield northern Italy to the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Spain’s Italian possessions including Lombardy and its capital, Milan.
Napoleon conquered Lombardy in 1796, was crowned "king of Italy" in the Duomo, and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic. Once Napoleon’s occupation ended, the Congress of Vienna returned Lombardy, and Milan, along with the Veneto, to Austrian control in 1815. During this period, Milan became a centre of lyric opera. Here Mozart wrote three operas, and in few years La Scala got the reference theatre in the word, with his premieres of Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. Verdi himself is now tumulated in a precious Institute, the "Casa di Riposo per Musicisti", the Verdi\'s present to Milan. In the 19th century other important theatres were La Cannobiana and the Teatro Carcano.
On March 18, 1848, the Milanese rebelled against Austrian rule, during the so-called "Five Days" (It. Cinque Giornate), and Field Marshall Radetzky was forced to withdraw from the city temporarily. However, after defeating Italian forces at Custoza on July 24, Radetzky was able to reassert Austrian control over Milan and northern Italy. However, Italian nationalists, championed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, called for the removal of Austria in the interest of Italian unification. Sardinia and France formed an alliance and defeated Austria at the Battle of Solferino in 1859. Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia, which soon gained control of most of Italy and in 1861 was rechristened as the Kingdom of Italy.
The political unification of Italy cemented Milan’s commercial dominance over northern Italy. It also led to a flurry of railway construction that made Milan the rail hub of northern Italy. Rapid industrialization put Milan at the centre of Italy’s leading industrial region. Meanwhile, as Milanese banks dominated Italy’s financial sphere, the city became the country’s leading financial centre. Milan’s economic growth brought a rapid expansion in the city’s area and population during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In 1919, Benito Mussolini organized the Blackshirts, who formed the core of Italy’s Fascist movement, in Milan. In 1922, Mussolini started his March on Rome from Milan.
During World War II, Milan suffered severe damage from British and American bombing, Even though Italy quit the war in 1943, the Germans occupied most of northern Italy until 1945. Some of the worst Allied bombing of Milan was in 1944. Much of the bombing focused around Milan\'s main train station.
In 1943, anti-German resistance in occupied Italy increased and there were explosions in Milan.
As the war came to an end, the American 1st Armored Division advanced on Milan as part of the Po Valley Campaign. But even before they arrived, members of the Italian resistance movement rose up in open revolt in Milan and liberated the city. Nearby, Mussolini and several members of his Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, or RSI) were captured by the resistance at Dongo and executed. On 29 April 1945, the bodies of the Fascists were taken to Milan and hung unceremoniously upside-down in a public square.
After the war the city was the site of a refugee camp for Jews fleeing from Austria. During the 1950s and 1960s, thousands of Italians, particularly from Southern Italy, moved to Milan to seek jobs within the city’s rapidly expanding economy and the population peaked at 1,723,000 in 1971. However, much of this population was lost during the 1970s and 1980s to the belt of new suburbs and small cities surrounding Milan. Nonetheless, Milan’s population seems to have stabilized, and there has been a slight increase in the population of the city since 2001.
The nine boroughs of Milan.
Of nine boroughs in which Milan is divided, eight are governated by centre-right coalition (1-8) and one by centre-left coalition (9).
The city of Milan is subdivided into 9 administrative zones, called Zonas. In 1999 the administration decided to reduce the number of these zones from 21 to 7. The Zona 1 is in the historic centre, the others eight zones form the borders of the first to the suburbsweb site of Milan.
The following table reports the datas for every Zona; the total population is higher than the official city population because it includes foreign born immigrants with permits in its count.
| Zona | Area (km²) |
Population (31 December 2006) |
Density (inhab/km²) |
Subdivisions | |
| Zona 1 | Centro Storico | 9.67 | 107,087 | 11,074 | centro storico, Piazza Duomo, quartieri di Porta Magenta, Porta Tenaglia, Porta Sempione o Arco della Pace, Giardini Pubblici, Repubblica, Crocetta, Guastalla, Il Ticinese, Basilica di Sant\'Ambrogio, Papiniano/San Vittore, Parco delle Basiliche, Carrobbio |
| Zona 2 | Stazione Centrale, Gorla, Turro, Precotto, Greco, Crescenzago | 12.58 | 163,932 | 13,031 | Porta Nuova, Centrale, Ponte Seveso, Loreto, Maggiolina, Villaggio dei Giornalisti, Greco, Gorla, Turro, Precotto, Padova, Crescenzago, Adriano, Breda, Cassina di Pomm |
| Zona 3 | Porta Venezia, Città Studi, Lambrate | 14.23 | 153,470 | 10,785 | Porta Venezia, Porta Monforte, Città Studi, Lambrate, Parco Lambro, Ortica, Feltre, Casoretto, Corelli, Rottole, Cimiano, Carnia, Naviglio Martesana |
| Zona 4 | Porta Vittoria, Porta Romana, Forlanini, Monlué, Rogoredo | 20.95 | 169,051 | 8,069 | Porta Vittoria, Porta Romana, Libia, Cavriano, Calvairate, Monluè, Taliedo, La Trecca, Porto, Gamboloita, Nosedo, Corvetto, Rogoredo, Santa Giulia, Morsenchio, Forlanini, Omero, Mazzini, San Luigi, Ponte Lambro |
| Zona 5 | Porta Ticinese, Porta Lodovica, Vigentino, Chiaravalle, Gratosoglio | 29.87 | 134,016 | 4,487 | Porta Ticinese, Porta Lodovica, Vigentino, Chiaravalle, Gratosoglio, Porta Vigentina, Conchetta, Ravizza, Ohm, Ripamonti, Vigentino, Ortles, Quaranta, Morivione, Spaventa, Stadera, Torretta, Meda, Conca Fallata, Vaiano Valle, Selvanesco, Casenuove, Macconago, Quintosole, Ronchetto delle Rane, Chiesa Rossa, Ferrari, Naviglio Pavese, Vettabbia, San Gottardo |
| Zona 6 | Barona, Giambellino, Lorenteggio, Porta Genova | 18.28 | 164,487 | 8,998 | Porta Genova, Darsena, Magolfa, Solari, San Cristoforo, Moncucco, Lorenteggio, Dazio del Lorenteggio, Molinetto di Lorenteggio, Giambellino, Restocco Maroni, Ronchetto sul Naviglio, Boffalora, Cascina Bianca, Cascina Cantalupa, Sant\'Ambrogio, Bisceglie, Inganni, Frattini, Naviglio Grande, Barona, Santa Rita, Legioni Romane, Foppa |
| Zona 7 | Porta Vercellina, Baggio, San Siro, Forze Armate | 31.34 | 190,969 | 6,093 | Porta Vercellina, Baggio, San Siro, Forze Armate, S.Siro, Porta Vercellina, Aquileia, Piemonte, Washington, Marghera, Brescia, Siena, Saint Bon, San Carlo, Valsesia, Quinto Romano, Quarto Cagnino, Selinunte, Figino, Assiano, Muggiano, Novara, Marx, Bellaria, Ippodromi |
| Zona 8 | Porta Volta, Fiera, Gallaratese, Quarto Oggiaro | 23.72 | 197,484 | 8,326 | Porta Volta, Fiera, Gallaratese, (Gallaratese I° e Gallaratese II°), Quarto Oggiaro, Sempione, Bullona, Monumentale, Porta Comasina, Cenisio, Paolo Sarpi, Ghisolfa, Cagnola, Il Portello, Monte Stella, Boldinasco, Q.T.8, Bonola, Ghisallo, Trenno, Lampugnano, San Leonardo, Accursio, Musocco, Porta Volta, Villapizzone, Garegnano, Vialba, Certosa, Quarto Oggiaro, Belgioioso |
| Zona 9 | Affori, Porta Nuova, Niguarda, Bovisa, Fulvio Testi | 21.12 | 194,386 | 9,204 | Affori, Porta Nuova, Niguarda, Bovisa, Fulvio Testi, Centro Direzionale, Gioia, Isola, Zara, Lancetti/Dogana, Farini, Bovisasca, Dergano, Derganino, Montalbino, Prato Centenaro, Cà Granda, Comasina, Segnano, Bicocca, Sarca, Fermi, Astesani, Maciachini, Bruzzano, Parco Nord, Seveso |
| Total City | 181,76 | 1,483,882 | 8,164 |
Under the Köppen climate classification Milan is typically classified as having a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa). In contrast to most of Italy, which is famous for a comfortable Mediterranean climate, Milan\'s winters are typically damp and cold, while summers are warm and quite muggy at times. Average temperatures are -3/+6°C in January and +15/+28°C in July. Snowfalls are relatively common in winter, even if in the last 15-20 years they have decreased in frequency and amount. The historic average of Milan\'s area is between 35 and 45 cm (16"/18"); single snowfalls over 30-50 cm in 1-3 days happen periodically, with a record of 80-100 cm during the famous snowfall of January 1985. Humidity is quite high during the whole year and annual precipitation averages about 1000 mm (40 in). In the stereotypical image, the city is often shrouded in the fog characteristic of the Po Basin, although the removal of rice fields from the southern neighbourhoods, urban heating effect and the reduction of pollution levels have reduced this phenomenon in recent years, at least in the downtown.
| Weather averages for Milan, Italy | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6 (44) | 8 (47) | 13 (56) | 16 (62) | 21 (70) | 25 (77) | 28 (83) | 27 (82) | 23 (75) | 17 (64) | 11 (52) | 7 (45) | 17 (63) |
| Average low °C (°F) | -3 (25) | -2 (27) | 1 (34) | 4 (40) | 9 (49) | 12 (55) | 15 (60) | 15 (60) | 12 (54) | 6 (44) | 0 (33) | -3 (26) | 5 (42) |
| Precipitation cm (inch) | 5 (2.0) | 6 (2.4) | 8 (3.5) | 12 (4.9) | 12 (4.9) | 8 (3.5) | 6 (2.5) | 8 (3.5) | 6 (2.7) | 8 (3.3) | 10 (4.2) | 5 (2.0) | 97 (38.3) |
| Source: WeatherbaseWeatherbase: Historical Weather for Milan, Italy (English). Weatherbase (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-07. February 2007 | |||||||||||||
 - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg/58px-Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg)
Leonardo Da Vinci\'s Last Supper, in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan.
The Milan Cathedral from the opposite square.
Milan is one of the major artistic centres of northern Italy. Its chief landmarks include:
Piazza del Duomo
The city proper (Comune di Milano) has a population of 1,303,437 inhabitants (2006). Between 1991 to 2001, the city proper has lost 113,084 inhabitants (8.3 percent), mostly due to suburban sprawl and expulsion of population from the inner city centre, which is now almost fully dedicated to offices and commerce. The population of the urban area, that coincides with the Province of Milan, is estimated as of 2006 to be 3,884,481 [1]. Finally, the official population of the Milan Metropolitan area counts over 7.4 million residents, the largest in Italy [2]. As of 2006, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 292,204 foreign-born immigrants live in Milan Urban Area, equal to 7.6% of total population.
The Pirelli Tower, symbol of the post-war economic boom
The Borsa Italiana, based in Milan, is Italy\'s main stock exchange
Milan is one of the major financial and business centres of the world. The city is the seat of the Italian Stock Exchange (the Borsa Italiana)"Piazza Affari" and its hinterland is an avant-garde industrial area. Milan was included in a list of ten "Alpha world cities" by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang of the Brookings Institution in the economic report "U.S. Cities in the \'World City Network\'" (Key Findings, Full ReportPDF (940 KiB)).
Milan is also well known as the seat of the Alfa Romeo motorcar company, for its silk production, and as one of the world\'s capitals for fashion and a world leader for design.
Milan also provides directional functions for the whole of Lombardy, as its industrial base has been externalized throughout the region in the 1960s-70s.
FieraMilano, the city\'s Exhibition Centre and Trade Fair complex, is notable. The original fairground, known as "FieraMilanoCity", is slated for redevelopment. The new fairground, in the north-western suburb of Rho, opened in April 2005, making the Fiera Milano the largest trade fair complex in the world.
At present, Milan is experiencing a significant architectural and urban design renaissance. Many new construction projects are under way with the aim of rehabilitating disused, peripheral industrial areas, including entire quarters. Examples of these projects include: the addition to the Teatro alla Scala; the CityLife project in the old "fiera" site; the European Library; the new quarter Santa Giulia; and the Porta Nuova project in the Garibaldi-Repubblica zone. Famous architects are involved in the construction of this "new" Milan, such as Renzo Piano, Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid, Massimiliano Fuksas and Daniel Libeskind. These major works will give Milan a new skyline no longer dominated by the Duomo and the Pirelli Tower.
This urban rebirth is further fostered by the bid to host Expo 2015.
Some residents of Milan fear that this urban redevelopment program could jeopardize the unique historic feel of the city. In a city with few green areas, and a need for more parking, the development plan is insufficient. Many detractors assert that this is a program in interest of financial gain and nothing more. However, the mayor claims that the majority of Milan\'s residents are in favour of this plan.
State University of Milan.
Brera Academy.
Milan is home to many universities and other institutions of higher learning:
The city has a large international airport known as Malpensa International Airport (MXP), located near the industrial towns of Busto Arsizio and Gallarate and connected to the downtown with the "Malpensa Express" railway service (from Cadorna Station). Malpensa was designed by the famous Ettore Sottsass. Milan also has the Linate Airport (LIN) within the city limits (for European and domestic traffic), connected with bus line 73 (from S. Babila). A third airport is Orio al Serio (BGY), close to the city of Bergamo. Vergiate, Venegono, Bresso, Voghera and Montichiari are additional airports in the region.
Airwiew of Malpensa International Airport. It handled over 23.8 million passengers in 2007.
The classic trams from the 1920s are still in use.
ETR 500 at Milan Central Station.
Milan has 3 subway lines (M1 - red, M2 - green, M3 - yellow) and the system, called Milan Metro - "La Metro", running for more than 80 km. There is also a light metro-service, "Metrò S. Raffaele", connecting the San Raffaele Hospital with Cascina Gobba station (M2). Extensions of lines 1, 2 and 3 are under construction, to create more than 15 km of track with 10 new stations. Line 5 is also under construction, to be finished in the first half of 2012. Lines 4 (linking downtown with Linate Airport) and 6 are in planning stages.
The "Blue Line" also connects four of the city\'s subway stations directly with the greater railroad system at the Garibaldi, Repubblica and P.ta Venezia stations.
Greater Milan also has one of the most extensive tramway systems[citation needed] in the world, with more than 286 km of track, and 20 lines.
Milan also has four trolleybus routes; included in the fleet are ten air-conditioned Cristalis trolleybuses.
Ninety-three bus lines cover over 1,070 km between them. The local transportation authority (ATM) transported more than 600 million passengers in 2003 .
Milan is the second railway hub of Italy, and the five major stations of Milan, amongst which the Milan Central station, are among Italy\'s busiest. The first railroad built in Milan, the Milan and Monza Rail Road was opened for service on August 17, 1840.
High speed train lines are under construction all across Italy, and new lines will open from Milan to Rome and Naples, and from Milan to Torino. The stations for the TAV (Treni ad Alta Velocità - High Speed Trains) will be:
A line from Milan to Venice and then to Trieste is under construction.[citation needed] At the end of the work, the TAV station for Milan to the east will be that of Milano Pioltello.
The Suburban Railway Service ( "S" Lines, a service similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of eight suburban lines and ten more scheduled for 2008, connects the "Greater Milan" to cities such as Como and Varese. The Regional Railway Service ("R"), instead, links Milan with the rest of Lombardy and the national railway system. The "Passante ferroviario" is an underground railway serving a couple of "S" lines and is very much like another subway line (and is even marked as such on subway maps), except that it is connected to LeNord and Trenitalia suburban networks. See the map of the M (subway) + S (regional metropolitan railway) Network on msrmilano.com Go on [3]
Milan has a taxi service operated by private companies and licensed by the City of Milan (Comune di Milano). All taxis are the same color, white. Prices are based on time elapsed and distance traveled. As the number of licences is kept low by lobbying of present taxi drivers, prices are fairly high (significantly higher than, for example, in New York) and finding a taxi may be difficult in rush hours, and almost impossible during public transportation strikes.
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Milan is the base of operations for many local and nationwide communication services and businesses, such as newspapers, magazines, and TV and radio stations.
Newspapers:
Magazines:
Together with Italian language, approximately a third of the population of western Lombardy can speak Western Lombard language, also known as Insubric or Milanese. In Milan, some natives of the city can speak the traditional Milanese language, the urban variety of Western Lombard, not to be confused with the Milanese-influenced Regional Italian, a variety of the Italian national language.
Milan\'s population, like that of Italy as a whole, is overwhelmingly Catholic. Other religions practised include Buddhismhttp://www.lankaramaya.com/, Judaism, Islamhttp://orthodoxeurope.org/page/8/4.aspxhttp://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=7230 and Protestantismhttp://www.protestantiamilano.it/http://www.milanovaldese.it/. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan.
Milan has its own historic Catholic rite known as the Ambrosian Rite (it: rito ambrosiano). It varies slightly from the typical Catholic rite (the Roman, used in all other western regions), with some differences in the liturgy and mass celebrations, and in the calendar (for example, the date of carnival is celebrated some days after the common date). The Ambrosian rite is also practised in other surrounding locations in Lombardy and in the Swiss canton of Ticino.
Another important difference concerns the liturgical music. The Gregorian chant was completely unused in Milan and surrounding areas, because the official one was its own Ambrosian chant, definitively established by the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and earlier than the Gregorian [4]. To preserve this music there has developed the unique schola cantorum, a college, and an Institute in partnership with the "Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music" (PIAMS) in Rome [5].
Like most cities in Italy, Milan and its surrounding area has its own regional cuisine. Milanese cuisine includes "cotoletta alla milanese", a breaded veal (pork and turkey can be used) cutlet pan-fried in butter (which some claim to be of Austrian origin, as it is similar to Viennese "Wienerschnitzel", while others claim that the "Wienerschnitzel" derived from the "cotoletta alla milanese"). Other typical dishes are cassoeula (stewed pork rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage and tomato sauce), ossobuco (stewed marrow-bone with tomato or lemon sauce), risotto alla milanese (with saffron, white wine and beef marrow), busecca (stewed tripe with beans and tomato sauce), and brasato (stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes). Season-related pastries include chiacchiere (flat fritters dusted with sugar) and tortelli (fried spherical cookies) for Carnival, colomba (glazed cake shaped as a dove) for Easter, pane dei morti ("Bread of the Dead", cookies aromatized with cinnamon) for All Soul\'s Day and panettone for Christmas. The salame milano, a salami with a very fine grain, is widespread throughout Italy. The best known Milanese cheese is gorgonzola from the nearby town of that name, although today the major gorgonzola producers operate in Piedmont.
The city hosted, among other events, the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990, the UEFA European Football Championship in 1980.
Football is the most popular sport in Italy, and Milan is home to two world-famous football teams: A.C. Milan and Internazionale. The former is normally referred to as "Mìlan" (notice the stress on the first syllable, unlike the English and Milanese name of the city), the latter as "Inter".
Milan is the only city in Europe whose teams have won both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup. Both teams play at Giuseppe Meazza - San Siro Stadium (85,700). Many of the strongest Italian football players were born in Milan, in the surrounding metropolitan area, or in Lombardy: Valentino Mazzola, Paolo Maldini, Giuseppe Meazza, Giacinto Facchetti, Luigi Riva, Gaetano Scirea, Giuseppe Bergomi, Walter Zenga, Antonio Cabrini, Roberto Donadoni, Gianluca Vialli, Silvio Piola, Gabriele Oriali, Giovanni Trapattoni and Franco Baresi as well as many others.
Milan and Lombardy are official candidates for the Summer Olympic Games of 2020 ("Milan-Lombardy 2020").
San Siro Stadium, one of Europe\'s largest.
There are other stadiums and multiuse palaces located in the metropolitan area, the biggest being Monza Brianteo Stadium (18,000 seats), the PalaDesio (10,000) and Geas Stadium (8,500).
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A.C. Milan | Serie A | Football | San Siro - Giuseppe Meazza | 1899 | 4 World Club cups; 7 European championship; 17 Italian championship; 2 Cup Winners\' Cup |
| F.C. Internazionale Milano | Serie A | Football | San Siro - Giuseppe Meazza | 1908 | 2 World Club cups; 2 European championship; 15 Italian championship |
| Olimpia Milano | Serie A | Basketball | Datchforum | 1936 | 1 World cup; 3 European championship; 25 Italian championship; 3 Cup Winners\' Cup; 2 Korac cup |
| H.C. Milano/Milano Vipers | Serie A | Ice Hockey | Agorà | 1924 | 2 European championship; 20 Italian championship |
| H.C. Diavoli/Devils today settled in Courmayeur | Serie A | Ice Hockey | – | 1930 | 3 European championship; 7 Italian championship |
| Amatori Rugby Milano | Serie B | Rugby | Stadio Giuriati | 1928 | 18 Italian championship |
| Rhinos Milano | Serie A2 | American Football | Velodromo Vigorelli-Maspes | 1977 | 4 Italian championship |
Milan is twinned with the following cities:
Mashhad, Iran
Bethlehem, Palestinian Authority
Birmingham, United Kingdom
Chicago, USA
Dakar, Senegal
Frankfurt, Germany
Krakow, Poland
Lyon, France
Melbourne, Australia
Osaka, Japan
Saint Petersburg, Russia
San Pedro Garza Garcia, Mexico
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Shanghai, People\'s Republic of China
Tel Aviv, Israel
Toronto, Canada
Other forms of cooperation and city friendship:
Amman, Jordan
Belgrade, Serbia
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Daegu, South Korea
Guadalajara, Mexico
Karachi, Pakistan
Lima, Peru
Medellín, Colombia
Minsk, Belarus
Montreal, Canada[citation needed]
Sofia, Bulgaria
Bangkok, Thailand
capitale dell\'impero romano [1990 ; Milano] Altri autori: Sena Chiesa, Gemma Arslan, Ermanno A.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
 Regional capitals of Italy |
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L\'Aquila (Abruzzo) ·
Aosta (Aosta Valley) ·
Bari (Apulia) ·
Potenza (Basilicata) ·
Catanzaro (Calabria) ·
Naples (Campania) ·
Bologna (Emilia-Romagna) |
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